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Adario  the  Rat. 


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ADDRESS  BEFORE  THE  SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL 
WARS  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MICHIGAN.  ,*  ANNUAL 
DINNER  AT  THE  DETROIT  CLUB,  MAY  THE 
SEVENTH,  NINETEEN  HUNDRED  AND  TWO.  J* 
BY  THE  REV.  RUFUS  W.  CLARK,  D.  D.,  CHAPLAIN. 


ADDRESS 

BEFORE  THE 

SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL  WARS 

OF  THE 

STATE  OF  MICHIGAN. 

BY  THE 

REV.  RUFUS  W.  CLARK,  D.  D., 
CHAPI.AIN. 


ANNUAL  DINNER  AT  THE  DETROIT  CLUB 

MAY  SEVENTH, 
NINETEEN  HUNDRED  AND  TWO. 


1903. 

WIWN  &  HAMMOND, 
Detroit. 


INTRODUCTION. 


IN  the  early  days  of  our  country,  there  were  wars 
with  the  Spanish,  French,  and  English.  These 
wars  were  at  stated  periods,  but  fighting  with 
the  Indians  was  going  on  all  the  while.  We  fought 
with  the  Indians;  but  there  were  also  Indians  who 
fought  for  us.  These  were  found  especially  among 
the  Algonquins  and  their  allies. 

Tarhe  or  Crane,  who  served  with  General  Harri- 
son, had  much  to  do  with  the  defeat  of  Proctor  on 
the  Thames.  He  was  the  foe  of  Tecumseh,  the 
Shawnee.  He  was  against  the  Americans  at  Fallen 
Timbers  in  1794,  but  later  came  to  know  that  the 
Indian's  welfare  had  better  be  trusted  to  the  Ameri- 
can people  than  to  any  other. 

Another  chief  of  commanding  character  was 
Leather  Lips.  He  was  devoted  to  the  cause  of  his 
tribe,  but  when  the  time  for  conflict  came,  prudence 
tempered  his  policy  and  he  was  successful  in  staying 
open  hostility;  but  his  wide  influence  made  him  the 
object  of  jealousy,  and  by-and-by  of  intrigue.  He 
was  hated  by  Roundhead  and  the  Wyandottes  on  the 
Detroit  River,  and  was  in  the  end  slain  on  the  Scioto 
near  Columbus,  where  a  granite  monument  has  been 
erected  to  his  memory. 

Earlier  in  American  history  there  was  Cornstalk, 
who  took  the  side  of  the  Colonists  at  Point  Pleasant 
in  West  Virginia.  He  was  terrible  in  battle,  and 
had  a  genius  for  strategy.  The  movement  of  his 
troops  was  like  the  wind ;  but  he  was  too  trustful  of 
the  white  men,  and  his  sad  and  ungrateful  murder  by 


them  in  1777  was  the  occasion  of  more  bloodshed 
between  the  Ohio  and  the  Lakes,  and  of  more  suffer- 
ing in  this  region  among  men,  women  and  children 
of  both  races  than  has  since  been  known. 

Adario  was  called  by  his  own  people  Kondiarunk, 
but  he  was  more  frequently  known  as  The  Rat.  Of 
all  of  the  Huron  chiefs,  he  was  the  first  and  best 
known  as  an  example  of  leadership  and  sagacity, 
largeness  of  vision  and  noble  purpose,  and,  towards 
the  end  of  his  life,  of  magnanimity  of  spirit.  To 
him  and  his  counsels  were  the  first  settlers  upon  the 
Great  Lakes  indebted,  in  more  ways  than  one,  for  a 
successful  occupation  of  that  territory.  His  life, 
character,  and  achievements  are  worthy  of  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Society  of  the  Colonial  Wars  in  the  State 
of  Michigan.  Even  the  romance  and  tradition  with 
which  they  have  been  invested,  may  not  fail  to  be  of 
pleasing  interest  in  our  time  and  place,  and  quicken 
the  spirit  of  sober  research  which  has  characterized 
the  discussions  and  the  papers  of  this  Society. 


rfr.J. 


ADARIO  THE  RAT. 


i. 

TEUCHSA  GRONDIE. 

"Beside  that  broad  but  gentle  tide, 
Where  navies  of  the  world  may  ride, 
There  stood  an  Indian  village, 
Algonquin  huts  and  rustic  tillage." 

TEUCHSA  GRONDIE  was  the  name  of  the 
Indian  village  which  occupied  the  site  upon 
which  Detroit  now  stands.     The  river  was 
called  the  Waweatunong,  or  the  river  that  bends.  At 
this  point  it  turns  in  its  course  to  the  sea  westward. 
This  puzzles  the  voyager,  who  finds  the  pole  star 
swinging  over  his  head  out  of  place,  and  thinks  the 
okies  are  playing  the  mischief  with  the  needle  of  his 
compass. 

Of  all  the  seasons  of  the  year,  June  is  here  most 
beautiful — the  moon  of  strawberries.  Terrace  upon 
terrace  on  the  river's  bank  is  festooned  with  the 


bloom  of  flowers,  and  the  air  is  ladened  with  fra- 
grance. Weebanawbaigs  and  white  ladies  flit  through 
the  air  at  twilight,  and  an  azure  hue  is  on  the  mist, 
as  the  panguks  and  ghosts  of  dead  men  rise  on  it,  to 
cross  the  bars,  guarding  the  radiance  of  the  setting 
sun,  now  dropping  into  the  land  of  the  hereafter. 

Here  was  once  the  peaceful  and  prosperous  home 
of  the  Hurons,  now  scattered  by  their  foes,  the  Iro- 
quois,  known  also  as  the  Long  House  or  Five 
Nations.  Since  the  Man  of  the  Iron  Hand,  Tonti, 
had  driven  the  Iroquois  back,  this  paradise  of  the 
Hurons  on  the  strait  had  been  occupied  from  time  to 
time,  but  only  as  a  summer  camping  ground.  It  was 
now  deserted.  Rumors  were  abroad  of  the  return  of 
the  hated  Iroquois  for  another  purpose  than  that  of 
a  second  onslaught — it  was  for  their  help.  A  depu- 
tation was  to  come  to  urge  them  and  others  of  the 
Algonquin  allies  to  thwart  the  purposes  of  the 
French,  who  were  maturing  their  plans  for  the 
seizure  and  occupation  of  the  River  of  the  Strait.  A 
year  before  this  very  time  the  French  had  planted 
here  the  fleur-de-lis.  Two  companies,  composed  of 
English  and  Dutch,  whose  cause  the  Iroquois  had 
espoused,  had  been  intercepted  on  the  river,  as  one 
coming  from  above  and  the  other  from  below,  trav- 
elled toward  the  spot  they  had  chosen.  They,  as 
well  as  the  French,  well  knew  that  Detroit  would 
prove  the  gateway  to  the  trade  of  the  West,  and  its 
possession  as  a  military  post  would  be  important. 

Two  Indians  stood  upon  the  bluff  above  the  land- 
ing, scanning  the  horizon  and  watching  the  surface 
of  the  river,  the  younger,  Neegi,  cautiously  asked, 
"If  the  white  man  is  to  build  upon  this  spot,  why 
may  it  not  be  the  British  rather  than  the  French- 
men?" 


"No,  no,"  replied  his  companion,  Mugwa.  "We 
love  not  the  French,  but  they  are  our  only  hope 
against  the  knife  and  hatchet  of  the  Long  House." 
He  turned  his  face  towards  the  Island  of  the  Swan 
floating  in  the  stream,  anchored  there  by  the  Sleep- 
ing Bear,  to  hide  his  daughters  from  their  suitors. 
They  were  very  beautiful,  and  the  youngest,  Wah- 
begounnee,  the  most  beautiful  of  all,  had  been  prom- 
ised to  the  great  chief,  Adario,  for  his  son,  the  day 
the  Hurons  should  make  Teuchsa  Grondie  their 
home  again.  Neegi  was  that  son,  and  Wahbegoun- 
nee  was  now  far  away,  living  her  child  life  in  the 
solitudes  of  the  Manitoulins.  Messages  were  sent  by 
her  to  the  warriors  of  her  tribe,  and  she  had  never 
as  yet  been  seen  by  them.  She  was  called  their  Jos- 
sakeed. 

Mugwa  continued:  "It  must  be,  as  the  Sleep- 
ing Bear  has  said !  The  Mahnahbezee  frowns !  The 
Matchivato  hovers  near !  The  Keneu,  the  war  eagle, 
has  risen  and  not  returned !  Never  can  there  be 
peace  again  between  the  Huron  and  the  Iroquois. 
Adario's  word  is  true,  that  the  Huron  can  alone  hope 
to  possess  this  spot  again  as  an  ally  of  the  King  of 
France." 

While  the  Indians  were  watching  the  enchanted 
island,  which  was  gradually  being  enveloped  in  the 
darkness,  they  observed  a  group  of  canoes  coming 
up  the  river.  They  contained  the  hated  Iroquois, 
seeking  a  parley  with  the  Hurons  to  awaken  their 
hostility  to  the  French.  When  they  reached  the 
landing,  the  shore  was  closely  scrutinized.  The 
tracks  of  the  roebuck  and  wolf  were  there.  But 
there  were  no  signs  of  any  human  being  having 
passed  that  way.  Deserted  fields  were  overgrown. 
The  frames  of  the  huts  were  demolished.  There 


was  not  even  a  trail  to  the  river  bank.  They  had 
captives  of  a  neutral  nation  of  Indians  with  them, 
who  had  refused  to  do  their  bidding  and  join  them 
against  the  white  intruders.  When  they  reached  the 
shore,  the  captives  were  pinioned  and  left  under- 
neath the  embankment  in  the  care  of  a  guard.  They 
were  painted  black,  and  doomed  for  the  torture  and 
the  savage  feast  of  the  man-eater,  with  which  they 
were  too  well  familiar. 

The  course  Mugwa  and  Neegi  had  decided 
upon  was  soon  evident.  They  had  come  as  advance 
scouts  to  learn  the  number  and  intentions  of  the 
Iroquois.  They  could  not  yield  to  their  request :  that 
would  be  counter  to  the  command  of  their  chief,  and 
they  knew  that  to  deny  it  would  be  to  share  the  fate 
of  the  neutrals  just  made  captive. 

As  soon  therefore,  as  the  Iroquois  weary  with  the 
day's  journey  were  overcome  with  sleep,  the  two 
Huron  scouts  found  their  way  down  the  bluff,  where 
the  ripple  of  the  water  was  the  only  sound.  When 
the  watch  was  off  his  guard,  Neegi  crept  cautiously 
to  the  nearest  captive,  cut  the  cords  from  his  hands, 
left  him  a  knife  and  such  weapons  as  he  could  carry, 
and  made  him  the  sign,  that  the  firing  of  the  gun 
was  to  be  the  signal  of  the  attack.  This  soon  came 
with  the  shooting  of  the  sentinel.  It  was  followed 
by  the  yells  of  the  released  captives,  leaping  forward 
with  their  knives  and  clubs,  as  they  fell  on  those  who 
were  lying  in  a  circle  around  the  fire. 

After  the  slaughter  one  of  the  Iroquois  was  found 
wounded.  Mugwa  thought  something  was  odd 
and  yet  familiar  in  his  figure  and  movements.  The 
released  neutrals  bound  him  and  threw  him  into  one 
of  the  canoes  in  which  they  themselves  had  been 
brought  as  prisoners.  In  these  same  canoes,  all, 


Mugwa,  Neegi,  the  neutrals  and  the  Iroquois, 
were  soon  upon  their  way  up  the  river  of  the  strait, 
to  the  little  post  of  St.  Joseph  on  Lake  Huron.  Mug- 
wa tried  to  talk  with  the  sullen  Iroquois,  but  was 
given  no  reply.  Who  was  this  Iroquois? 


II. 


THE  WRECK  OF  THE  GRIFFON. 

"Never  had  vessel  along  this  shore, 
Cleft  these  quiet  waves  before. 
No  better  craft  was  ever  seen 
Than  brave  LaSalle's  stout  brigantine. 
And  the  ship  that  earned  so  wide  a  fame, 
Bore  on  the  scroll,  the  Griffon's  name." 

IT  was  some  years  before  the  events  of  the  last 
chapter  that  the  ship  whose  keel  first  parted 
these  waters  came  up  from  the  Lake  of  the 
Eries.  It  crossed  Lake  Huron  and  touched  the  Island 
of  the  Great  Turtle.  It  was  of  the  most  unheard  of 
swiftness.  It  could  go  even  against  the  wind.  Some 
said  it  was  bound  for  China,  some  for  the  Ind ;  some 
said  it  was  for  the  killing  of  the  red  man ;  some  said 
it  was  after  peltries  and  for  trade. 

Not  many  months  after  this  wonderful  vessel  had 
been  first  seen,  and  while  it  was  still  talked  about,  an 
Indian  came  ashore  on  a  raft  on  the  Georgian  Bay. 
He  told  the  Hurons  of  a  little  settlement  there :  that 
he  was  from  the  white-winged  canoe  which  had  been 
caught  on  the  rocks  near  by.  Near  the  end  of  Cape 
Kurd,  surrounded  by  a  group  of  islands,  there  is  a 
natural  harbor.  For  this  harbor  the  vessel  was  evi- 
dently bound,  but  had  failed  to  reach  it. 

Mugwa,  for  that  was  the  Indian  upon  the  raft, 
had  been  the  guide  of  the  explorers  and  traders  upon 
the  vessel.  He  told  his  people  about  its  building, 
and  its  voyage  across  the  Lake  of  the  Eries,  and  up 
the  river  that  turns  at  Detroit  and  over  Lake  Huron ; 
the  storms  it  encountered,  the  dissensions  among  its 
officers  and  crew,  and  the  reluctance  of  the  owner  to 

10 


part  with  his  ship  at  Green  Bay  and  turn  it  over  to 
the  captain  that  it  might  be  taken  to  Niagara.  When 
he  told  of  the  stranded  ship,  he  said  that  the  captain, 
with  part  of  the  crew  that  he  had  not  murdered,  and 
with  most  of  its  treasures,  had  escaped.  They  were 
now  on  the  Ottawa  heading  for  Montreal.  The 
captain  was  a  thief,  and  had  planned  to  take  all  that 
belonged  to  the  owner  of  the  ship;  to  run  his  vessel 
ashore  and  by  canoes  carry  the  cargo  to  some  trad- 
ing post.  It  was  a  bold  undertaking,  but  nothing 
was  too  bold  for  the  swearing  saltwater  pilot. 
Mugwa  secured  the  assistance  of  the  Indians.  He 
wanted  to  pursue  the  captain  and  his  crew.  They 
were  to  have  the  booty;  what  he  wanted  was  the 
pilot's  scalp.  He  hated  him  for  the  sake  of  the 
owner  of  the  vessel ;  he  hated  him  for  his  cruelty  to 
his  men;  he  hated  him  for  his  meanness  to  himself. 
Now,  as  he  was  on  the  waterways  of  the  upper  route 
with  which  he  was  familiar,  and  the  captain  was  not, 
he  could  take  him  by  surprise  and  measure  to  him 
due  punishment.  But  when  he  reached  the  Nippis- 
sing  no  trace  of  the  pilot  could  be  found  and  the 
pursuit  was  reluctantly  abandoned. 

In  a  great  storm  the  vessel  on  the  rocks  had  gone 
to  pieces,  broken  spars  and  bits  of  sail  had  been 
found  on  the  shores  of  the  bay.  The  question 
mooted  abroad  was,  "What  became  of  the  pilot 
Lucas?"  A  Sioux  said  he  had  seen  Lucas  in  the 
Illinois  country.  A  trader  reported  him  as  having 
reached  the  Hudson  Bay.  Another  confidently 
affirmed  that  he  had  taken  passage  as  a  sailor,  having 
disposed  of  his  goods  at  Three  Rivers.  So  many 
were  the  opinions  that  were  current  that  it  came  to 
be  believed  that  Mugwa  had  never  seen  him  on 
shore  at  all. 


ii 


As  has  already  been  observed,  several  years  had 
passed  since  the  disappearance  of  Lucas  when  the 
two  scouts,  Mugwa,  Adario's  friend,  and  Neegi, 
Adario's  son,  made  the  attack  at  Teuchsa  Grondie 
and  brought  the  neutrals,  and  the  wounded 
Iroquois  that  had  been  spared,  to  Fort  St.  Joseph. 
This  fort  was  on  Lake  Huron  at  the  outlet  of  what 
is  now  the  St.  Clair  River;  it  was  of  small  im- 
portance and  without  any  considerable  garrison.  To 
have  made  it  a  strong  center  would  have  been  to 
weaken  the  fortifications  at  Mackinac,  which  pos- 
sessed unusual  advantages  for  defense.  The  time 
had  now  come  to  determine  whether  it  could  be 
maintained.  If  not,  it  should  be  burned,  lest  it  fall 
into  the  hands  of  some  of  the  rapidly  multiplying 
bands  from  the  Iroquois  country. 

Henry  Tonti,  who  built  the  Griffon  at  Niagara, 
and  who  sailed  on  the  vessel  with  its  captain,  Lucas, 
and  its  owner,  LaSalle,  was  at  Fort  St.  Joseph  at  the 
time  when  Mugwa  came  up  the  Detroit  River  with 
the  capture  he  had  made  at  Teuchsa  Grondie. 
Mugwa  related  to  Tonti  his  experiences  since  they 
had  parted  at  the  sailing  of  the  white  winged  canoe, 
the  Griffon,  from  Green  Bay  and  Mackinac.  Mugwa 
told  of  the  September  gale  which  carried  the  vessel 
on  the  Northeast  course;  of  the  wreck,  and  his  at- 
tempted pursuit  of  Lucas,  and  of  the  pilot's  possible 
adoption  into  the  tribe  of  the  Five  Nations. 

When  the  story  was  done,  Tonti  inquired :  "Who 
is  this  Indian  the  neutrals  have  bound  here?  From 
a  passing  glance  I  should  say  this  painted  savage 
was  the  pilot  Lucas,  disguised  as  an  Iroquois." 
Upon  their  seeking  the  captive  they  found  he  was 
gone.  He  had  slipped  the  cords  which  bound  him, 
eluded  the  watch  and  fled. 


12 


III. 

ADARIO  KEEPS  HIS  PROMISE. 

"His  zeal  for  the  public  good  was  sincere,  and  this  motive 
alone  led  him  to  break  the  peace  made  by  the  Marquis  Denon- 
ville  with  the  Iroquois." — Charlevoix. 

IT  was  not  long  after  the  escape  of  this  suspected 
Indian  from  Fort  St.  Joseph  that  he  appeared  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  camp  of  Adario  on  LakeFron- 
tenac.  His  part  as  an  Iroquois  chief  had  been  well 
played.  Mugwa,  Adario's  friend,  had  not  recognized 
him.  Why  should  Adario,  changed  as  he  was  in  dress 
and  the  manner  of  his  life?  He  now  tries  his  hand 
to  get  Adario  to  join  with  himself  and  his  adopted 
tribe  of  the  Iroquois  against  the  French.  This  he 
was  confident  he  could  do  now,  notwithstanding  a 
pledge  Adario  had  given  to  the  French  that  he  would 
not  oppose  them.  The  disguised  Lucas  had  learned 
that  Onontio,  the  French  Governor  of  Montreal,  had 
made  a  treaty  with  the  Iroquois  without  including 
in  its  terms  the  safety  of  the  Algonquins.  This 
would,  of  course,  awaken  the  displeasure  of  Adario. 
He  had  been  ignored  by  his  allies  the  French,  and 
for  this  reason  was  certainly  free  to  be  secured  to 
serve  the  pilot's  purpose.  Never  had  there  been  such 
a  chance  for  catching  this  general  of  the  Algonquin 
Confederacy:  never  such  a  certain  prospect  for 
blocking  the  schemes  of  the  King  of  France  in  his 
attempts  to  secure  these  lands  and  bring  these 
western  waterways  under  his  control.  And  more 
than  this,  he  was  confident  that  by  enlisting  Adario 
on  the  side  of  the  Five  Nations,  he  would  accomplish 
that  which  Big  Mouth  and  Black  Kettle  and  Broken 

13 


Arrow,  the  other  chiefs  of  his  own  adopted  tribe, 
had  attempted  in  vain,  and  so  would  reach  the  sum- 
mit of  his  ambition.  He  felt  sure  that  his  arguments 
were  perfect  and  conclusive,  and  was  confident  his 
case  would  be  won. 

He  found  Adario  and  his  trusted  company  of 
braves  about  him,  not  far  from  the  St.  Lawrence. 
He  disclosed  to  him  the  information  he  possessed  as 
to  the  weakness  of  the  forces  of  the  French  at  their 
various  outposts,  and  also  the  desire  of  the  Iroquois, 
that  he  would  lend  them  his  assistance  once  for  all  in 
ridding  the  country  of  its  intruders.  Adario 
promptly  assured  him  that  he  wanted  none  of  his 
advice,  nor  did  he  care  for  his  company.  How  this 
disguised  Indian  was  disposed  of  by  those  who  lis- 
tened to  Adario's  reply  has  never  been  told.  They 
may,  perhaps,  have  had  him  for  their  supper. 

Adario  had  his  own  way  of  dealing  with  Onontio. 
He  crossed  the  St.  Lawrence,  not  to  attack  the 
French,  but  to  lie  in  wait  for  the  Iroquois  delegation, 
now  on  their  way  to  Montreal  to  confirm  the  treaty 
of  peace,  excluding  the  Hurons  as  proposed  by 
Onontio.  After  waiting  three  or  four  days,  the  ex- 
pected party  was  waylaid,  and  those  who  were  not 
killed  were  made  prisoners.  The  unprotected  villages 
of  the  Long  House  were  laid  waste ;  none  of  the  cus- 
tomary cruelties  were  omitted. 

Upon  the  protestations  that  were  made  by  the 
Iroquois,  when  they  were  attacked  by  the  Hurons 
while  at  peace  with  them,  Adario  regretfully  gave  as 
his  reason  the  fact  that  it  had  been  instigated  by  the 
French.  In  proof  of  this  he  released  his  captives, 
all  excepting  one,  and  furnished  them  with  food  and 
ammunition,  and  wished  them  a  safe  return  to  their 
homes.  The  prisoner  he  retained  was  brought  with 

14 


him  on  his  return  to  Mackinac,  where  the  Command- 
ant who  had  not  heard  of  the  proposed  peace  between 
Onontio  and  the  Iroquois,  seized  the  prisoner,  and 
after  torture  put  him  to  death.  This  was  witnessed 
by  another  Iroquois  prisoner  already  at  the  post, 
who  was  by  Adario  suffered  to  escape,  in  order  that 
he  might  carry  the  information  and  the  impression 
conveyed  by  it  back  to  the  Iroquois.  This  would  be 
a  confirmation  of  the  statement  already  made  by 
Adario  to  the  Iroquois  as  to  the  true  disposition  of 
the  French  towards  them. 

Not  long  after  this,  bands  of  Iroquois  were  organ- 
ized as  scalping  parties  and  marauders,  and  they  fell 
upon  the  settlements  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  car- 
rying death  and  devastation  before  them.  Never 
before  had  there  been  such  a  slaughter  upon  the 
banks  of  that  river.  Onontio  learned  his  lesson.  He 
learned  that  no  treaty  could  be  safely  made  by  the 
French  with  the  Iroquois  that  did  not  include  the 
Hurons,  and  other  Algonquins.  He  learned  also 
that  Adario  had  kept  his  promise,  and  that  he  had 
kept  it  in  his  own  way. 


IV. 

SACHEMS  IN  COUNCIL. 

"Not  only  the  Sulpitians,  but  the  Jesuits  stood  always  in 
the  van  of  religious  and  political  propagandisin,  and  all  the 
forest  tribes  felt  their  influence." — Parkman. 

ANOTHER  expedition  was  now  set  on  foot 
for  the  possession  of  the  strait,  the  gateway 
to  the  waters  of  the  West.  It  was  led  by 
Cadillac,  at  one  time  commander  of  the  post  at  Mack- 
inac.  He  had  returned  from  Versailles  with  the  re- 
quired commission  and  authority  for  making  a  per- 
manent settlement.  The  old  question  was  raised 
again :  "Will  it  be  permitted  without  dispute  ?"  It 
will  be  disputed  by  the  Iroquois  who  command  the 
approach  by  the  Niagara  route. 

It  was  early  in  June,  1701,  that  Seur  de  Cadillac 
left  La  Chine,  near  Montreal,  for  Teuchsa  Grondie. 
He  was  about  to  ascend  the  Ottawa  to  Lake  Nipis- 
sing  and  Georgian  Bay,  in  order  to  reach  Lake 
Huron;  thence  to  go  Southward  and  then  to  pass 
down  the  Detroit  River.  Prudence  induced  him  not 
to  take  the  course  by  way  of  Niagara,  where  the 
Iroquois  were  in  force. 

It  is  difficult  to  realize  the  importance  at  that  time 
of  the  waterway  of  the  Ottawa  and  Nipissing  from 
the  sea  to  the  Sault.  It  was  for  nearly  one  hundred 
years  before  the  time  of  our  narrative,  almost  exclu- 
sively the  only  route  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  lake 
country  going  to  the  sea  or  by  white  men  going  into 
the  interior.  There  were  many  portages  from  river 
to  lake,  and  from  lake  to  river.  The  variety  of 
scenery  and  the  charm  of  widening  streams  and  inlets 

16 


were  in  marked  contrast  to  the  monotony  of  the  route 
by  the  two  great  lakes  below. 

Before  Cadillac  started,  messages  had  been  sent 
by  the  Iroquois  as  to  the  expedition  that  was  being 
fitted  out,  to  the  tribes  of  the  Algonquin  Confederacy. 
The  warnings  which  were  sent  were  those  of  calami- 
ties sure  to  come  to  them  from  those  voyagers,  who 
were  not  simply  to  pass  through  their  country  for  the 
Mitchisipi  or  Cathay,  but  for  the  purpose  of  a  perma- 
nent settlement.  If  any  white  man  was  to  occupy 
the  Strait,  they  urged  it  should  be  the  British,  to 
whom  the  land  had  already  been  conveyed  by  the 
Iroquois.  Surely  the  Algonquin  and  Iroquois  were, 
by  combining,  strong  enough  to  resist  even  this  im- 
posing fleet,  or  any  force  the  King  of  France  might 
send  out  against  them. 

A  council  of  the  tribes  sought  by  the  Iroquois  was 
held  on  the  Georgian  Bay.  To  this  meeting  of  the 
Algonquins  the  Foxes  had  come  pledged  to  the  con- 
federacy of  the  "Long  House."  To  these  also  the 
Pottawatomies  were  more  than  half  won  over.  Their 
medicine  men  declared  that  with  the  crucifix  and 
holy  rite  of  baptism  of  the  black  gowns  Cadillac 
would  bring  with  him,  their  own  power  would  soon 
be  gone.  Their  appeal  was  to  an  ancestral  faith. 
Already  their  divinities  were  displeased.  The  wrath 
of  the  great  Michabou  would  be  roused,  and  then 
what  would  become  of  them?  The  spirits  of  war- 
riors gone  to  the  happy  hunting  grounds  were  in- 
voked, and  at  the  repetition  of  their  names  signs  of 
approval  were  apparent. 

Another  plea  for  the  cause  of  the  Iroquois  and 
English  came  from  the  Ottawa  Chief  Le  Baron, 
whose  spies  had  followed  Courtmanche,  the  Montreal 
emissary,  exposing  his  intrigues  among  their  tribes. 


Space  was  then  given  for  an  answer,  but  there  was 
no  reply.  The  pause  that  followed  showed  that  the 
spell  of  witchcraft  had  fallen  on  them,  which  must 
be  broken  by  a  power  equally  as  strong.  The  Nope- 
ming-tah-she-nah  of  the  bush  sat  as  a  rabbit  on  his 
haunches  and  his  face  on  the  ground,  never  fearful 
save  in  the  presence  of  the  sorcerer.  No  movement 
was  visible  excepting  that  of  the  curling  smoke  of 
the  killikinick  from  their  calumets.  Then  came  one, 
two,  and  three  hours  of  silence.  This  lasted  until 
the  sun  went  down. 

As  the  twilight  gathered  and  the  prolonged  silence 
hung  over  that  grim  and  solemn  circle  like  a  pall, 
there  came  to  this  Manitoulin  council  the  maiden 
prophet  Wahbegounnee,  known  as  the  spirit  child  of 
the  old  Chief  Adario,  and  had  been  called  "the  Lily," 
by  the  Sleeping  Bear,  her  father,  in  acknowledgment 
of  her  grace  and  reputed  origin — for  she  was  said 
to  have  sprung,  as  a  flower,  from  the  water.  As  the 
human  child  is  sometimes  transformed  to  bird  and 
beast  and  flower,  so  here  there  were  retransforma- 
tions  from  among  things  in  the  air  and  water,  and 
beings  like  men  appeared.  Human  habitation,  she 
had  none.  She  had  been  known  to  shun  the  approach 
of  the  young  men  of  the  forest,  and  when  in  vigil 
and  solitude  her  sanctuary  was  invaded,  she  was 
borne  away  by  unseen  hands.  Water  spirits  came  at 
her  bidding,  and  the  loon  diving  far  out  into  the  bay 
would  come  up  by  her  side  in  the  rushes.  The  refrain 
of  her  song  in  the  forest  was  that  of  the  Monedo, 
the  nymph  upon  the  water. 

"Ba  bah  wah  she  you  nee  gay 
Ba  bah  moo  ah  keng  gay." 


18 


When  she  came  to  assemblies  such  as  this,  she  had 
a  clairvoyant  power  which  gave  her  the  interpreta- 
tion of  omens  and  made  her  a  diviner  of  riddles.  In 
the  therapeutic  art  she  was  an  adept.  The  mysteries 
in  the  keeping  of  the  constellations  she  easily  re- 
vealed. No  such  Jossakeed  was  there  as  the  Lily  of 
the  Caniatare. 

To  this  waiting  council  she  had  come  serenely 
beautiful  after  her  five  days'  fast.  It  was  as  if  a  this- 
tledown had  been  wafted  over  the  hills  in  an  evening 
breeze  and  had  alighted  among  them.  It  was  no 
wonder  that  the  medicine  man  sat  like  a  stone,  and 
that  the  Wabano,  the  dark-visaged  magician,  pulled 
his  blanket  about  his  head,  that  he  might  neither  see 
nor  listen. 

When  at  length  she  was  in  sympathetic  accord 
with  the  circle  of  these  grim  and  solemn  auditors, 
and  when,  by  the  swaying  of  their  bodies  they  were 
en  rapport  with  her,  she  told  of  the  tidings  brought 
by  the  carrier  dove  sent  by  Neegi,  of  the  capture  that 
had  been  made  at  the  Strait.  Because  of  that  cap- 
ture, she  said,  the  outpost  for  their  own  protection 
would  be  transferred  from  the  ice  and  snow  of  Mich- 
ilimackinac,  to  the  land  of  bloom  and  song  and  sun- 
shine, and  that  with  the  help  of  the  pale  face  at 
Teuchsa  Grondie,  the  dreaded  Iroquois  could  easily 
be  kept  back  beyond  the  Lake  of  the  Eries. 

There  was,  however,  a  power  which  the  Lily 
wielded  greater  than  that  of  magic.  Those  who 
were  familiar  with  her  childhood  at  the  Strait  could 
have  told  you  she  had  received  her  training  at  the 
feet  of  the  Meda  of  the  Wabenong,  the  land  of  the 
East.  A  new  spirit  had  come  on  her  since  the  Father 
had  called  her  child  and  had  touched  her  brow  with 
water,  and  given  her  the  water.  She  wished 

19 


for  all  her  race  the  benedictions  that  holy 
men  could  bring;  and  the  teaching  of  the 
mastery  of  life;  of  the  One  who  loved,  more  than 
any  other,  the  suffering  and  the  solitary.  There  was 
within  her  a  strong  mingling  of  the  Christian  faith 
and  ancestral  mythologies.  This  was  why  her  visions 
had  meanings  none  could  fathom,  and  why  her  coun- 
sels were  such  no  wizard  could  understand. 


20 


V. 

ADARIO,  THE  MASTER  MIND. 

"Let  us  welcome  then  the  strangers, 
Hail  them  as  our  friends  and  brothers, 
And  the  heart's  right  hand  of  friendship 
Give  them  when  they  come  to  see  us." 

IT  was  now  the  time  for  Adario  to  speak.     His 
wisdom,  his  age,  and  his  tribal  dignity  entitled 
him  to  the  last  word.    He  felt  that  by  his  Jos- 
sakeed,  his  cause  was  won.     Speaking  in  measured 
tones,  he  related  the  horrors  of  the  massacre  of  the 
Matchedash,  and  told  of  the  time  when  Wyandottes 
by  the  thousands  were  destroyed  and  the  blood  of 
the  slain  stained  the  bank  of  these  very  shores  as  far 
as  the  eye  could  reach. 

Then  he  asked  the  questions:  "What  Ojibway 
serves  the  Iroquois  ?  Will  he  be  servant  to  the  wolf 
that  has  ravaged  his  home  ?  Will  he  go  on  the  war- 
path with  the  foe  which  has  driven  him  from  the 
land  of  the  oak  and  the  maple,  from  the  trail  of  the 
deer  and  the  plain  of  the  buffalo  ?  The  'Long  House* 
cannot  be  trusted ;  nor  can  the  Jeebi,  or  the  Wendi- 
goes  help  you.  Well  do  you  know  that  the  Manitou 
which  guarded  the  gates  of  the  lakes  at  Teuchsa 
Grondie  fell  before  the  touch  of  consecrated  hands. 
The  idol  was  broken  into  fragments  and  its  pieces, 
which  you  say  were  turned  into  myriads  of  serpents, 
could  not  ward  from  the  Strait — with  the  wind 
moving  as  a  hurricane — the  winged  Griffon  which 
carried  the  great  canoe  across  the  waters  and  vom- 
ited smoke,  and  fire,  and  thunder.  The  incantation 
of  the  medicine  lodge  will  not  serve  against  the 
Mother  of  the  Child,  before  whom  the  white  man 
prays." 

21 


"This  is  why  Cadillac  is  the  Algonquin's  friend, 
Nushka,"  he  exclaimed  as  he  pointed  to  the  waters  of 
the  bay;  "do  you  not  see  a  portent  of  coming  bright- 
ness? Dark  clouds  have  lifted  and  are  hastening 
away.  Do  you  not  see  that  the  moon  in  its  splendor 
has  made  a  cross  of  silver,  like  that  carried  by  Cadil- 
lac's long-robed  priest?  Do  you  not  hear  the  tink- 
ling of  the  bell  for  prayer,  the  pater  and  the  ave  of  a 
vesper  song?"  *  *  *  As  his  voice  gradually 
subsided  they  did,  indeed,  hear  the  sonorous  lullaby 
of  the  mudwayaushka,  the  organ-tones  of  the  waves, 
the  clinking  of  the  shingle  spar  on  the  shores  and 
the  echoes  that  seemed  like  voices  on  the  reef,  while 
the  full  orb  of  the  moon  shone  out  a  clear  witness  to 
the  prophetic  counsel. 

Onanguice  of  the  Pottawatomies  then  arose.  He 
wore  upon  his  head  the  skin  of  a  young  bull.  The 
horns  hung  down  over  his  ears.  His  speech  was  de- 
liberate and  final.  He  said: 

"Our  counsel  is  the  counsel  given  by  the  great 
Adario;  that  henceforward  the  confederacy  of  the 
Three  Fires  shall  continue  unbroken,  and  that  the 
children  of  the  French  King  shall  be  our  allies.  We 
shall  follow  the  sign  of  peace  and  all  that  is  good, 
the  cross  of  silver  carried  by  the  friar,  and  Cadillac, 
the  Algonquin's  friend.  From  the  Kikalamazoo  to 
Michilimackinac  we  will,  with  the  Hurons,  seek  the 
smiling  waters  of  the  heart-shaped  Otisi-Keka  and 
the  vine-clad  slope  of  the  Waweatunong.  Teuchsa 
Grondie  will  be  our  home." 

Ugh!  Ugh!  Ugh!  was  the  response  that  went 
around  the  circle  of  those  seated  on  the  ground,  and 
the  agreement  was  ratified  by  the  exchange  of  belts 
of  white  wampum. 


22 


Adario  himself,  however,  did  not  go  with  Cadil- 
lac to  Teuchsa  Grondie,  but  many  of  his  followers 
subsequently  joined  their  fortunes  with  those  of 
Cadillac,  and  helped  again  to  people  the  shores  of 
this  river,  whence  they  had  been  driven  by  the  Iro- 
quois.  Within  two  years  there  were  more  than  six 
thousand  souls  gathered  at  this  point,  the  larger 
part  of  whom  were  Indians.  They  found  in  Cadil- 
lac a  protector  against  their  foes,  the  Iroquois,  and 
they  in  turn  lent  their  aid  to  protect  the  settlement. 

Wahbegounnee,  the  daughter  of  the  Sleeping 
Bear,  was  claimed  as  the  bride  of  Adario's  son,  and 
they  made  their  home  on  the  Waweatunong. 


VI. 

A  REQUIEM. 

"Heaven  hath  a  hand  in  these  events, 
To  whose  high  will,  be  bound  our  calm  content." 

IN  the  balance  of  possibilities  great  events  have 
often  turned  in  history  upon  seemingly  unim- 
portant incidents.  A  city  may  be  saved  by  the 
cackling  of  a  flock  of  geese ;  a  revolution  may  be  pre- 
cipitated by  the  delay  of  a  belle  on  her  way  to  a  ball 
by  a  little  mud  splashing  upon  her  stocking;  a  few 
drops  of  water  on  a  field  has  more  than  once  turned 
the  results  of  a  battle.  We  may  easily  fancy  that  a 
wave  of  Adario's  hand,  coupled  with  unseen  forma- 
tive influences  still  further  back,  may  have  had  much 
to  do  in  the  determination  of  issues  here  on  the 
waterways  of  the  Great  Lakes.  European  politics  at 
this  time  entered  as  a  factor  in  starting  the  expedi- 
tion of  1701.  A  spirit  of  colonization  was  under 
way  in  two  great  empires.  Both  France  and  Eng- 
land had  begun  to  compete  with  each  other  in  a  de- 
sire to  rival  the  greater  and  dominant  empire  of  the 
world,  namely,  that  of  Spain.  New  avenues  of  trade 
were  sought,  fields  for  traffic  in  their  wares  and  for 
the  purchase  of  fur. 

By  far  greater  than  either  of  these,  and  of 
stronger  influence,  were  the  outstretching  arms  of 
the  church.  Father  Caron,  the  grey  robe,  nearly  a 
century  before,  and  Braebeuf,  the  Jesuit,  a  score  of 
years  later,  made  possible  the  peaceful  approach  of 
the  trader,  and  also  of  the  settler  who  came  after. 
The  influence  which  prepared  the  way  for  each,  that 
is  the  trader  and  the  settler,  each  in  his  turn  did  his 
best,  not  to  help,  but  to  destroy.  It  was  the  Mis- 
sionary that  was  the  pioneer.  The  Missionary  was 

24 


the  benefactor  of  Adario,  and  of  his  father,  years 
before.  For  in  his  father's  time,  before  the  Iroquois 
raid,  there  was  as  large  a  population  between  the 
Huron  village  on  the  Detroit  River  and  the 
Georgian  Bay,  as  there  is  to-day  outside  of  its  great 
cities.  Indian  towns  of  thrift  were  here,  while 
order  and  industry  prevailed.  The  church  bells 
were  hung  in  the  tree,  calling  the  children  of  the 
forest  to  prayer.  The  candles  were  lighted  upon 
rude  altars  of  stone,  and  the  Aves  floated  upon  the 
breezes  among  the  pines.  For  twenty  years  the 
beneficent  sway  of  the  church  was  uninterrupted 
until  the  Iroquois  swept  down  and  the  slaughter  by 
thousands  of  these  tribes  began,  and  their  scattered 
remnants  found  a  refuge  in  the  islands  and  inlets  of 
the  lakes.  The  profane  historian  tells  us  of  the 
warrior  going  to  mass,  and  his  only  apparel  being  a 
necklace  composed  of  the  teeth  and  fingernails  of 
his  enemies,  slain  in  war.  It  may  have  been  imper- 
fect religion,  but  it  was  potent  for  good.  It  was 
the  best  religion  of  the  time  and  place. 

The  red  Indians  about  Cadillac  were  civilized, 
compared  with  the  Indians  before  Caron  and  Brae- 
beuf,  who  were  not  far  removed  from  the  beasts  of 
the  forest  from  which  they  traced  their  ancestry, 
and  to  whom  they  paid  homage.  Adario  was  a  fair 
type  of  the  Christian  Indian  of  his  day.  His  con- 
version had  been  brought  about  by  Father  Carheil 
of  the  Island  of  the  Great  Turtle.  Adario  said  of 
the  Holy  Father  that  he  was,  next  to  Frontenac,  the 
greatest  man  in  America. 

As  our  land  has  been  indebted  to  Cadillac,  so 
Cadillac  was  indebted  to  this  Huron  chief,  and  he 
in  turn  to  the  priest  who  prepared  the  way  for  the 
first  steps  of  our  civilization ;  and  sad  indeed  it  was 

25 


that  at  the  hands  of  Cadillac  the  holy  father  received 
scant  justice,  and  what  was  worse,  the  most  per- 
sistent abuse. 

The  circumstances  connected  with  the  closing 
hours  of  Adario's  eventful  career  were  made  mem- 
orable by  writers  of  the  time.  As  Cadillac  went 
to  Detroit,  the  venerable  Adario  continued  his  jour- 
ney to  Montreal  to  attend  the  great  conference 
already  arranged  by  Sieur  de  Courtmanche  to  con- 
clude terms  of  peace  between  the  government  at 
Montreal  and  the  Western  tribes.  Under  the  blind- 
ing sun  of  an  August  day,  the  red  men  of  his  con- 
federacy were  seated  in  a  circle,  smoking  the  pipe 
of  peace  and  arranging  the  terms  of  a  long-con- 
sidered compact.  It  was  a  continuation  of  the 
council  of  the  year  before.  Much  depended  upon 
what  was  to  be  done  by  Adario  in  his  dealings,  not 
only  with  the  French  authorities  but  the  discordant 
elements  and  clamorous  tongues  of  those  who  op- 
posed his  policy.  The  strain  was  severe  for  the  aged 
man,  but  the  battle  was  won.  His  tottering  form 
was  supported  by  young  braves  who  stood  on  either 
side,  until  the  wampum  was  exchanged  and  the 
treaty  ratified.  His  last  address,  two  hours  long, 
was  made  by  him  seated  in  his  chair,  and  then,  as 
if  to  seal  his  life's  work  with  the  best  that  he  could 
give,  he  bowed  his  head  as  the  sun  went  down,  and 
ere  it  rose  again  his  spirit  was  carried  to  the  happy 
hunting  grounds. 

The  ceremonies  attending  his  burial  were  most 
impressive.  He  lay  in  state  on  a  scarlet  blanket  with 
his  kettle,  gun  and  sword.  The  procession  of  priests 
and  public  officials  of  Montreal,  led  by  Saint  Ours 
and  the  Governor,  filled  the  public  square.  "Adario, 
the  Rat,  is  dead!"  was  the  feeling  exclamation  of 

26 


the  great  concourse  of  thirteen  hundred  savages  of 
the  council,  as  they  mingled  with  the  old  soldiers  of 
King  Louis  and  the  courier  de  bois  from  the  Western 
solitudes.  "Adario  is  dead — Adario,  the  Rat,  is 
dead !"  The  Iroquois,  who  had  been  his  deadly  foes, 
were  loudest  in  their  praise.  The  requiem  mass  was 
said  in  the  cathedral  with  all  the  splendor  the  cathe- 
dral could  afford. 

Had  Adario  been  permitted  to  choose  and  record 
his  last  words,  we  believe  that  none  would  have  ex- 
pressed more  fully  the  feelings  of  his  heart  than 
those  written  of  his  ancestral  village  and  of  his 
childhood's  haunts  by  one  of  our  poets: 

"My  song  is  ended,  Happy  Home ; 
We  love  thee  Teuchsa  Grondie  still, 
We  love  thee  wheresoe'er  we  roam." 


27 


APPENDIX. 


BA.RON  LAHONTAN,  who  visited  the  region  of 
the  Great  Lakes  in  1688,  wrote  of  extended 
conversations  with  Adario.  One  or  two  selec- 
tions may  be  given  from  these  conversations,  as  ex- 
pressing the  views  entertained  by  him  upon  various 
subjects.    They  show  that  "the  Rat"  was  somewhat 
of  a  philosopher. 

WAR. 

"The  only  thing  that  vexes  and  disturbs  my  mind  is  seeing 
men  wage  war  with  men.  Our  dogs  agree  with  the  Iroquois 
dogs.  Those  of  the  Iroquois  bear  no  enmity  to  those  which 
come  from  France.  No  animals  wage  war  as  man  can.  If 
the  beasts  reasoned,  it  would  be  an  easy  matter  to  exterminate 
the  human  race.  If  men  were  without  faculty  of  thinking  and 
arguing  and  speaking,  they  would  not  embark  in  unnatural 
wars  as  they  now  do. 

MONEY. 

"What  you  call  silver  is  of  the  devil  of  devils,  the  tyrant 
of  the  French,  the  source  of  all  evils,  the  bane  of  souls,  and 
the  slaughter-house  for  living  men.  To  live  in  the  money- 
country,  and  at  the  same  time  to  save  one's  soul,  is  as  great 
an  inconsistency  as  for  a  man  to  go  to  the  bottom  of  a  lake 
and  expect  to  preserve  his  life.  Consider  this,  and  tell  me 
that  we  are  not  in  the  right  of  it,  in  reference  to  silver  and 
such  as  look  upon  that  accursed  metal. 

THE  ADVANTAGES  OF  NO  LAWS  OR  KINGS. 

"What  sort  of  men  must  the  Europeans  be,  to  have  no 
other  prompter  for  avoiding  evil  than  the  fear  of  punishment? 
I  call  that  creature  a  man  that  has  a  natural  inclination  to  do 
good.  We  have  no  judges.  We  do  not  sue  one  another.  We 
content  ourselves  in  denying  dependence  upon  any,  save 
the  Great  Spirit,  and  as  being  born  and  free  and  joint  breth- 
ren when  you  are  all  the  slaves  of  one  man.  In  earnest,  my 
dear  brother,  I  am  sorry  for  thee,  from  the  bottom  of  my  soul. 
Take  my  advice  and  turn  Huron." 


UPON  RELIGION. 

"Are  you  mad?  Dost  thou  believe  us  to  be  void  of  re- 
ligion after  thou  hast  dwelt  with  us  so  long?  Dost  thee  not 
know  in  the  first  place,  that  we  acknowledge  a  Creator  of  the 
Universe  under  the  title  of  The  Great  Spirit,  or  Master  of 
Life,  whom  we  believe  to  be  in  everything  and  to  be  confined 
to  no  limits ;  that  we  own  the  immortality  of  the  soul ;  that 
the  Great  Spirit  has  furnished  us  with  a  rational  faculty 
capable  of  distinguishing  good  from  evil,  to  the  end  that  we 
might  observe  rightly  the  true  meaning  of  justice  and  wisdom; 
that  the  tranquility  and  serenity  of  the  soul  pleases  the  Great 
Master  of  Life;  that  life  is  a  dream  and  death  a  season  of 
awakening,  in  which  the  soul  sees  and  knows  the  nature 
and  quality  of  things,  whether  visible  or  invisible?  *  *  * 
If  your  religion  differs  from  ours,  it  does  not  follow  that  we 
have  none  at  all." 

UPON  THE  QUARRELS  OF  CHRISTIANS  OVER  THE  KEYS. 

"I  am  at  a  loss  to  know  how  to  form  a  distinct  idea  of 
the  difference  between  you  and  the  English,  as  to  the  points 
of  belief.  For  the  more  I  endeavor  to  have  it  set  in  a  clear 
light,  the  less  light  I  find.  To  my  mind  the  best  way  for  you 
all,  is  to  agree  upon  this  conclusion,  that  the  Great  Spirit 
has  bestowed  upon  all  men  a  light  sufficient  to  show  them 
what  they  ought  to  do,  without  running  the  risk  of  being  im- 
posed upon.  *  *  *  And  I  cannot  dissuade  myself  from 
believing  that  since  the  Great  Spirit  is  so  just  and  good,  it  is 
impossible  that  his  justice  should  render  the  salvation  of 
mankind  so  difficult  that  all  of  them  should  be  damned  that 
are  not  retained  to  your  religion,  and  that  only  the  possessors 
of  that,  should  be  admitted  into  Paradise.  All  our  knowledge 
amounts  to  this ;  that  we  human  beings  are  not  the  authors 
of  our  own  creation;  that  the  Great  Spirit  has  vouchsafed 
to  us  an  honest  mould,  while  wickedness  nestles  in  germ,  and 
that  he  sends  you  into  our  country,  in  order  to  have  an 
opportunity  of  correcting  your  faults  and  following  our 
example." 


j ii i mi  111 1 niiii mi i. 

3  1205026443166 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

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IREGIO^iii?«i{i8if™" 

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